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Differential equations

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              Other note source      📚 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Cambridge AS & A Level Mathematics (Chapter 10) Sections 10.1 - 10.2: Separating Variables & Forming Equations 🎯 What is a Differential Equation? Definition: An equation containing derivatives such as dy/dx or d²y/dx² is called a differential equation . KEY CONCEPT: The solution of a differential equation is a function , not just a number! Types of Solutions Solution Type Description Example General Solution Contains arbitrary constant(s) y = x³ + C Particular Solution Specific solution using initial conditions y = x³ + 5 First-Order Differential Equation: Contains only dy/dx (first derivative) Example: dy/dx = 3x² Differential Equation General Solution Particular Solution 🔧 Section 10.1: Separation of Variables The Basic Method STEP-BY-STEP PROCEDURE: Separate the variables: Rearrange to get f(y)...
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Polymers IGCSE

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Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode 🧪 POLYMERS - Complete Notes Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry | Chapter 19 1️⃣ What are Polymers? POLYMER = A very large molecule made from many small repeating units called monomers MONOMER = A small molecule that joins to other monomers to form a polymer POLYMERISATION = The process of joining monomers to form a polymer M + M + M Polymerisation M M M ... Monomers Polymer 📊 Types of Polymers Natural Polymers Synthetic Polymers ✓ Proteins (meat, eggs) ✓ Poly(ethene) (plastic bags) ✓ Starch (rice, bread) ✓ Poly(propene) (ropes) ✓ Natural rubber ✓ PVC (pipes) ✓ Silk ✓ Nylon (clothing) ✓ Cellulose ✓ PET (bottles) 2️⃣ Addition Polymerisation Addition polymerisation occurs...
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Chemistry Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis

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Quiz 1: Fullscreen Mode Other note source Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Chapter 20: Experimental Techniques & Chemical Analysis This guide covers the essential theory, apparatus, and chemical tests required for IGCSE Chemistry analysis. 20.1 Experimental Design (Measurement) 1. Units of Measurement Time: S.I. Unit is the Second (s). Measured with stopwatches (accuracy ± 0.01s). Temperature: Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C). Mass: Kilogram (kg) or gram (g). Measured with electronic balances. Volume: Cubic meter (m 3 ), dm 3 , or cm 3 . Temp (K) = Temp (°C) + 273 1 kg = 1000 g 1 dm 3 = 1000 cm 3 2. Measuring Liquid Volume Apparatus Accuracy Use ...
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Sequences, Surds and Sets

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Other note source 📚 SEQUENCES, SURDS & SETS Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 📊 9.1 SEQUENCES Definition & Notation Sequence: A list of numbers following a specific rule. Each number = term . T₁, T₂, T₃ = 1st, 2nd, 3rd terms Tₙ = nth term (general term) Types of Sequences Type Rule Example Formula Arithmetic Common diff (d) 2,6,10,14 Tₙ=dn+c Geometric Common ratio (r) 3,6,12,24 Tₙ=ar^(n-1) Quadratic 2nd diff constant 2,5,10,17 ...
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Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids

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Other note source Quiz 1:   Fullscreen Mode Quiz 2: Fullscreen Mode Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids IGCSE Chemistry 18.1 Alcohols Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds containing the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Functional Group: Hydroxyl group ( -OH ). General Formula: C n H 2n+1 OH . Molecular Shape: The bonding around the oxygen atom is bent (V-shaped), similar to water. Example: Ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H Physical Properties As the carbon chain length increases (Methanol → Butanol): Boiling Point: Increases. Solubility in Water: Decreases (Methanol is very soluble; Butanol is only slightly soluble). Volatility: Decreases (they evaporate les...
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